12/19/2023 0 Comments Additives in winston cigarettesThus, when, sooner or later, the CO yield of cigarettes is officially monitored and published, the ventilated filters have the advantage of being low in CO as well as ‘tar’ and nicotine. The filter reduces all gas phase yields, which the other approaches do not, and it reduces CO in particular, which no other filter does. This report 39 contained data on the physical parameters of 12 brands: Marlboro and Marlboro Light (PM), Winston and Winston Lights (RJR), Viceroy and Viceroy Milds and Kool and Kool Milds (B&W), Kent and Kent Golden Lights (Lorillard), and Pall Mall and Pall Mall extra mild (American Tobacco), and discussed how the ventilated filter system Marlboro and several competitors used impacted CO yields: Case Study 6, a 1991 RJR report, 43 illustrates the breadth of reverse engineering competitor’s products domestically, with monthly analysis of cigarettes collected in four cities to determine consistency of ingredients and physical parameters.Ĭase Study 2: Liggett and Myers 1975 report on Marlboro Light 85 Case study 5, a 2001 PM report, 31 demonstrates the depth analysis of competitors’ new products. Case Study 4, a 1986 B&W report, 42 provides another example of how data obtained from reverse engineering products led to suggested changes in a company’s own products. Case Study 3, a 1992 B&W report, 41 shows the international scope of reverse engineering. Case Study 2, a 1975 Liggett report on competitors’ brands and subsequent research, 39, 40 shows how reverse engineering a competitor’s products led to changes in the company’s own products. Case Study 1, a 1970 American Tobacco report, 38 exemplifies a very detailed analysis that includes 189 measurements of each brand, and that the information was provided to high-level executives. These six case studies describing work by five tobacco companies provide a more detailed picture of the depth of the data the companies’ developed through reverse engineering competitors’ products. FDA and similar bodies elsewhere should make this information available to the public and the scientific community. This fact raises questions about the companies’ claims that information about their cigarettes’ ingredients are entitled to trade secret protection because this information is widely known throughout the industry and, therefore, is neither secret nor commercially valuable (another criteria for being a trade secret). 13, 14įar from being secret from the cigarette companies’ competitors, tobacco industry documents reveal that all the major companies have detailed by-brand information about ingredients in competitors’ cigarettes because they frequently and routinely reverse engineer each others’ cigarettes. 7 In 2013, when asked to provide documentation supporting its authorisation for the marketing of two new Lorillard cigarettes on the grounds that they were ‘substantially equivalent’ to existing products, 12 FDA responded with 197 pages of heavily redacted documents 13 that withheld cigarettes’ physical parameters, ingredients and smoke constituents on the grounds that they were trade secrets. 11 Since 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can require tobacco companies to submit ingredient information when applying for approval of new products or when claiming that one is ‘substantially equivalent’ to an existing product. Cigarette companies have refused to disclose by-brand ingredient information to the public or public agencies. The USA, 7 177 parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 8, 9 (FCTC) and 28 European Union member states 10 have committed to requiring tobacco manufacturers to disclose information about their products. 4 Additives including menthol, ammonia, propylene glycol, cocoa and licorice may modify nicotine’s impact, cigarette toxicity, and make smoke seem less harsh and more pleasant. Aceteldehyde, derived from burning sugars, enhances nicotine’s addictive effect, 3 and is carcinogenic. The type of tobacco affects carbon monoxide 1 (CO) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines 2 in smoke. The ingredients and additives in tobacco products have important health implications.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |